Comparación de resultados entre soluciones con y sin formol como medios de fijación y conservación en corazones de Gallus gallus domesticus / Comparison of results between solutions with and without formaldehyde as means of fixation and conservation in Gallus gallus domesticus hearts

RESUMEN: La solución de formol es utilizada en las Escuelas de medicina como medio de fijación y conservación de cadáveres para el estudio de la Anatomía, a la que están expuestos estudiantes, técnicos y personal docente; es alergénica e irritante a las mucosas, y reconocida carcinogénica en humanos por International Agency for Research on Cancer (2006). El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar resultados cuantitativos y cualitativos entre corazones de Gallus gallus domesticus, luego de aplicarles soluciones con y sin formol. Se formaron dos grupos al azar, a uno se le aplicó solución de formol al 10 %, y al otro solución libre de formol. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas, organolépticas, y de fotografía (Pretest, durante y Postest). Se elaboró base datos en Microsoft Excel (2019), y su procesamiento en SPSS Statistics 2017 Versión 25. Para variables cuantitativas se aplicó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, y t-Student pareada. Para variables cualitativas el test Alfa de Cronbach, Chi cuadrado (X2) y los correspondientes coeficientes de asociación (D de Somers y Tau b de Kendal). Los resultados obtenidos de las variables peso, largo, y altura presentaron diferencia estadística significativa (p-valor <0,05), siendo diferente para el ancho y grosor de la pared del ventrículo izquierdo. Las variables color y consistencia presentaron diferencias significativa (p-valor <0,05). El olor irritante a las mucosas estuvo presente durante todo el estudio con la solución con formol. A la inspección, ninguno de los dos grupos presento colonización - descomposición. Se concluye que, los órganos en experimentación que se les aplicó solución libre de formol, presentaron mejores resultados con respecto a los que se les aplico formol al 10 %.

SUMMARY: The formaldehyde solution is used in medical schools as a means of fixing and preserving corpses for the study of Anatomy, to which students, technicians and teaching personnel are exposed; it is allergenic and irritant to the mucosa, and recognized as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (2006). The objective of the present study was to compare quantitative and qualitative results between Gallus gallus domesticus hearts, after applying solutions with and without formaldehyde. Two groups were formed at random, to one a 10 % formaldehyde solution was applied, and to the other formaldehyde- free solution. Anthropometric, organoleptic, and photographic measurements were carried out (Pretest, during and Posttest). A database was prepared in Microsoft Excel (2019), and its processing in SPSS Statistics 2017 Version 25. For quantitative variables, the Shapiro-Wilk test and t-Student paired were applied. For qualitative variables the Cronbach's Alpha test, Chi square (X2) and the corresponding association coefficients (Somers D and Kendal's Tau b). The results obtained from the variables weight, length, and height presented a statistically significant difference (p-value <0.05), being different for the width and thickness of the left ventricular wall. The variables color and consistency showed significant differences (p-value <0.05). The irritating smell to the mucous membranes was present throughout the study with the formaldehyde solution. Upon inspection, neither group showed colonization - decomposition. It is concluded that the organs in experimentation that were applied formaldehyde-free solution presented better results compared to those that were applied 10 % formaldehyde.

Evaluation of subchronic formaldehyde exposure in rats with open field test / Evaluación de la exposición al formaldehído subcrónico en ratas con prueba de campo abierto

SUMMARY: Formaldehyde (FA), which is an indispensable chemical substance in anatomy and pathology, is a very harmful substance for living things. In our study, the purpose was to investigate the changes in behavior of rats exposed to subchronic formaldehyde with open field test. We divided 24 Wistar-Albino rats into 3 groups. The first group (n=8) was identified as the control group, and normal air breathing was ensured. Low-dose FA (mean 1 ppm) was inhaled in the second group, and high-dose FA (mean 10 ppm) was inhaled in the third group. FA exposure was done for 4 hours, 12 weeks, and 5 days a week. The rats were subjected to open field test during the first week and the last week of FA exposure. We observed significant decreases in the number of vertical movements and grooming in rats in the experimental group compared to the control group in the open field test (p 0.05). As a conclusion, we can argue that FA causes changes in the behaviors of rats regardless of dose and duration.

RESUMEN: El formaldehído (FA), una sustancia química indispensable en la anatomía y patología, pero es un elemento sumamente nocivo para todos los seres vivos., El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue investigar los cambios en el comportamiento de ratas expuestas a formaldehído subcrónico con prueba de campo abierto. Utilizamos 24 ratas Wistar-Albino divididas en 3 grupos. El primer grupo (n = 8) se identificó como el grupo de control y se aseguró una respiración normal de aire. En el segundo grupo se inhalaron dosis bajas de FA (media de 1 ppm) y en el tercer grupo se inhalaron dosis altas de FA (media de 10 ppm). La exposición a FA se realizó durante 4 horas, 12 semanas y 5 días a la semana. Las ratas fueron sometidas a una prueba de campo abierto durante la primera semana y la última semana de exposición a FA. Observamos disminuciones significativas en el número de movimientos verticales y acicalamiento en ratas en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo control en la prueba de campo abierto (p 0,05). Como conclusión, podemos argumentar que la AF provoca cambios en el comportamiento de las ratas independientemente de la dosis y la duración.

IInvestigation of possible oxidative damage caused by formaldehyde exposure in the rat's heart and aorta tissue / Investigación de posible daño oxidativo causado por la exposición al formaldehído en el corazón de la rata y tejido de la aorta

SUMMARY: Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic substance used frequently in the field of medicine as well as in many industrial areas. Especially people working in the field of anatomy, histology, and pathology are in high risk group because of the use of the FA. Studies showing the effects of FA on the cardiovascular system are few in number. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of FA exposure, which we believe can cause oxidative stress, on the heart and aorta with various biochemical analyses. A total of 24 Wistar Albino rats were used in our study. We divided the rats into 3 groups as the Control Group (CG), the group exposed to low-dose FA (avg. 1 ppm) (DDG) Group, and the group exposed to high-dose FA (avg. 10 ppm) (YDG). At the end of the subchronic FA exposure, the blood samples, heart and aorta tissues of the rats were taken and subjected to biochemical analyses. As a result of the analyses, statistically significant differences were detected between CG (2.96?0.85 ng/mg), and HDG (2.08?0.77 ng/mg) in aortic tissues in TXNIP analysis (p<0.05). In heart tissues, significant differences were detected between CG (0.73?0.27 ng/mg) and LDG (1.13?0.22 ng/mg) (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were also detected between CG (1.98?0.31 mM/ml) and YDG (2.43?0.31 mM/ml) in serum MDA analyses (p<0.05). It was shown that subchronic application of FA to LDG rats through inhalation had no effects on apoptosis markers in heart tissues. More studies are required to show FA toxicity and the mechanism of action of pathology on the cardiovascular system. We believe that our study will contribute to clarifying the roles of mild and subchronic exposure of FA in heart and aortic tissues in terms of oxidative stress risk.

RESUMEN: El formaldehído es una sustancia tóxica que se utiliza con frecuencia en el campo de la medicina, así como en muchas áreas industriales. Especialmente las personas que trabajan en el area de la anatomía, y patología se encuentran en el grupo de alto riesgo debido al uso de esta sustancia. Pocos son los estudios que muestran los efectos del formaldehído en el sistema cardiovascular. El propósito del presente estudio fue investigar a través de análisis bioquímicos, los efectos de la exposición a formaldehído, que podría causar estrés oxidativo, en el corazón y la aorta. Se utilizaron un total de 24 ratas Albinas Wistar. Dividimos a las ratas en 3 grupos: grupo control (GC), grupo expuesto a dosis bajas de AG (promedio 1 ppm) (DDG) y grupo expuesto a dosis altas de AG (promedio 10 ppm) (YDG). Al término de la exposición a FA subcrónica, se tomaron muestras de sangre, tejido cardíaco y aorta de las ratas y se sometieron a análisis bioquímicos. Como resultado de los análisis, se detec- taron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre GC (2,96 ? 0,85 ng / mg) y HDG (2,08 ? 0,77 ng / mg) en los tejidos aórticos en el análisis TXNIP (p <0,05). En los tejidos cardíacos se detectaron diferencias significativas entre GC (0,73 ? 0,27 ng / mg) y LDG (1,13 ? 0,22 ng / mg) (p <0,05). También se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre CG (1,98 ? 0,31 mM / ml) y YDG (2,43 ? 0,31 mM / ml) en los análisis de MDA en suero (p <0,05). Se demostró que la aplicación subcrónica de formaldehído a ratas LDG a través de la inhalación no tuvo efectos sobre los marcadores de apoptosis en los tejidos del corazón. Se requieren más estudios para demostrar la toxicidad de los AG y el mecanismo de acción de la patología en el sistema cardiovascular. Creemos que nuestro estudio contribuirá a aclarar las funciones de la exposición leve y subcrónica de formaldehído en los tejidos cardíacos y aórticos en términos de riesgo al estrés oxidativo.

Effect of fermented milk with kefir grains on the in vitro demineralization of bovine tooth enamel / Efecto de la leche fermentada con granos de kéfir sobre la desmineralización in vitro del esmalte dental bovino

The dental caries is a progressive destruction of the teeth tissue due to the disbalance in the normal molecule interactions between the enamel and the bio!lm, which alters the demineralization-remineralization process. Milk fermentation produces caseinphosphopeptides with proved remineralizing capacity of the enamel. The presence of these peptides in fermented milk with ke!r grains has been described. The purpose of this work was to evaluate in vitro the capacity of milk ke!r to prevent the demineralization of dental enamel. Bovine incisors (n=68, 17 per group) were treated for 72 h with different solutions: I: artificial saliva at pH 7.2 , II: demineralizing solution at pH 4.5, III: supernatant of kefir fermented milk at pH 4.5, IV: milk supernatant at pH 4.5. The effects of treatments were evaluated by the change in the weight of the specimens, calcium concentration in the solution and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the enamel. Kefir milk supernatant prevented the demineralization process, that was evidenced by a change in weight and calcium concentration that were not different from group I, although the pH was 4.5. In contrast, group IV showed a decrease in weight and an increase in calcium concentration, compared with group I (one way ANOVA, p<0.05). Images of SEM agree with the values of weight and calcium concentration. These results indicate that kefir milk supernatant has a protective effect on enamel demineralization in vitro. (AU)

La caries dental es una patología debido a un desequilibrio en las interacciones moleculares normales entre el esmalte y la biopelícula, que altera el proceso de desmineralización remineralización. La fermentación de la leche produce fosfopéptidos de caseína con probada capacidad remineralizante del esmalte, y se ha descripto la presencia de estos péptidos en la leche fermentada con granos de kéfir. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar in vitro la capacidad del kéfir de leche para prevenir la desmineralización del esmalte dental. Sesenta y ocho incisivos bovinos (17 por grupo) fueron tratados durante 72 h con diferentes soluciones: I: saliva artificial, pH 7.2, II: solución desmineralizante, pH 4.5, III: sobrenadante de leche fermentada con kefir, pH 4.5, IV: sobrenadante de leche, pH 4.5. El proceso de desmineralización se evaluó mediante el cambio en el peso de las muestras, la concentración de calcio en la solución y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) del esmalte. El sobrenadante de leche fermentada con kéfir impidió el proceso de desmineralización, que se evidenció por un cambio en el peso y la concentración de calcio que no discreparon del grupo I, a pesar de haber tenido un pH de 4.5. En contraste, el grupo IV mostró una disminución en el peso y un aumento en la concentración de calcio, en comparación con el grupo I (ANOVA a un criterio, p<0.05). Las imágenes SEM concuerdan con los cambios en el peso y la concentración de calcio en los grupos estudiados. Los datos obtenidos demuestran que el sobrenadante de la leche tratada con kéfir tiene un efecto protector sobre la desmineralización del esmalte in vitro, inducida por el pH ácido. (AU)

Avaliação de diferentes fixadores na preservação das características histológicas de pele de orelha de cães / Evaluation of different fixatives for histological studies in canine ear skin

Os fixadores biológicos desempenham um papel importante na qualidade final da histologia. Na rotina veterinária, a biópsia de pele é um procedimento comum e a escolha do fixador é primordial para resultado final adequado. Os fixadores mais usados são à base de formalina, ainda que sejam tóxicos, cancerígenos, de baixa penetração e de fixação lenta. Mesmo assim, não existe um fixador ideal que substitua as suas qualidades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar qualitativamente a preservação das características histológicas de pele de cão utilizando diferentes fixadores de tecidos incluídos em parafina, cortados e corados pela hematoxilina-eosina. Utilizou-se uma caneta Punch de 4 milímetros para coletar amostras de pele de orelha em seis cadáveres de cães. Após coleta, os tecidos foram fixados em: (1) Bouin, durante seis horas; (2) Carnoy, durante quatro horas; (3) formaldeído tamponado 10% durante 24 horas, todos sob refrigeração (4ºC). Posteriormente, os tecidos foram processados, cortados e corados em hematoxilina e eosina. As lâminas foram avaliadas, às cegas, por quatro patologistas diferentes, que consideraram aspectos qualitativos a seguir: (1) qualidade da coloração; (2) preservação das características histológicas; e (3) preservação dos limites citoplasmáticos utilizando a escala de LIKERT de pontuação para cada lâmina. O fixador com a maior média de pontuação em todos os itens foi o formol tamponado com 3,76 pontos, seguido pelo Bouin (3,39) e pelo Carnoy (2,52). O formol pode trazer riscos à saúde do profissional que rotineiramente o manuseia, portanto se faz necessária a busca por fixadores com as mesmas qualidades, mas menos nocivos à saúde.(AU)

The biological fixatives have an important role in the final histology quality. In veterinary, routine skin biopsy is a common procedure and the choice of fixative is essential for the final result. The most common fixative is Formalin, even though it is toxic, carcinogenic, and has low and slow penetration. Still, there isn't a fixer which can replace the qualities of formalin. The aim of this study was to evaluate qualitatively the preservation of the histological features of dog skin using different tissue fixative embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin - eosin. We used a 4 mm punch pen to collect ear skin samples in six dog cadavers. After collection, the tissues were fixed in: (1) Bouin for 6 hours; (2) Carnoy for 4 hours; (3) 10% buffered formaldehyde for 24 hours, all under refrigeration (4 ° C). The tissues were then processed, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The slides were evaluated blindly by four different pathologists who considered the qualitative aspects below: (1) quality of coloring; (2) preservation of the histological characteristics; (3) preservation of cytoplasmic boundaries using a Likert scale score for each blade. The fixative with the highest mean score on all items was buffered formalin with 3.76 points followed by Bouin (3.39) and Carnoy (2.52). Formaldehyde can bring health a risk of professional routine handling, so it is necessary to search for a biological fixative with the same qualities being less harmful to health.(AU)

Aplicación de formalina al 4 para el tratamiento de la rectitis actínica hemorragia refractaria: variantes, técnicas y resultados / Application of formalin to 4 for the treatment of actinic rectitis refractory hemorrhage: variants, techniques and results

Introducción: Varios tratamientos se utilizan para la rectitis actínica hemorrágica, entre ellos corticoides, sucralfato, mezalasina y distintas variantes de cauterización endoscópica, aunque ninguno puede considerarse de elección. En este contexto, la aplicación local de formalina al 4% ha demostrado ser efectiva y segura cuando han fracasado otros tratamientos conservadores. Objetivo: Comunicar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la rectitis actínica sangrante con formalina, describiendo las variantes técnicas de su aplicación y los resultados. Diseño: Observacional retrospectivo. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital público de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Pacientes y Método: Se revisaron registros hospitalarios de 10 pacientes (7 mujeres) de edad promedio 61,1±15,6 (rango 28-81) años, con rectitis sangrante posterior a radioterapia pelviana. La dosis osciló entre 7400 y 8000 cGy y el sangrado comenzó en promedio 7,2±3,1 (rango 2-12) meses luego de finalizada la misma. Todos los pacientes presentaban anemia y habían recibido uno o más tratamientos conservadores previos sin respuesta, tres de los cuales habían requerido transfusiones. La terapia con formalina se realizó con dos modalidades: Grupo I: hisopo embebido en formalina al 4% a ph 7 puesto en contacto con la superficie sangrante durante 1-2 minutos. Grupo II: instilación de un volumen de 100-200 ml, en bolos de 30-40 ml por área sangrante, mantenidos en contacto durante 30-60 segundos con posterior aspiración y lavado con solución fisiológica entre los bolos y al final del procedimiento. La respuesta fue considerada completa cuando el sangrado cesó por completo o sólo hubo esporádicas y escasas pérdidas hemáticas, que no requirieron ningún tratamiento. La respuesta parcial se definió como la mejoría en frecuencia y magnitud del sangrado que no requirió otra terapia agresiva. Resultados: Se trataron 10 pacientes (Grupo I: 8 y Grupo II: 2)... (TRUNCADO)...

Background: Several treatments are used for radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis, among these corticosteroids, sucralfate, mezalasina, and cauterization endoscopic variants, but none can be considered of choice. With varying results are described. In this context, the local application of 4% formalin has proven to be effective and safe when other conservative treatments have failed. Objective: To report on our experience in the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis, describing the technical variants of its implementation and results. Design: Observational retrospective study. Setting: Public Hospital of the City of Buenos Aires. Patients and Methods: Hospital records of 10 patients (7 women), average age 61.1 ± 15.6 (range 28-81) years, with radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis after pelvic radiotherapy were reviewed. The doses ranged from 7400 to 8000 cGy and the bleeding started on average 7.2 ± 3.1 (range 2-12) months after it ended. All patients had anemia and had received one or more previous conservative treatments with no response, and three of them had required transfusions. Formalin therapy was performed in two ways: Group I: swab with 4% formalin at pH 7 in contact with the bleeding surface for 1-2 minutes. Group II: instillation of a volume of 100-200 ml, in 30-40 ml bolus by bleeding area, maintained in contact with that area for 30-60 seconds, with subsequent aspiration and washing with saline solution between the boluses and the end of the procedure. Treatment response was considered complete when the bleeding stopped completely or there was sporadic and limited blood loss not merequiring any treatment. Partial response was defined as improvement in the frequency and magnitude of bleeding not requiring other aggressive therapy... (TRUNCATED)...

Postoperative topical analgesia of hemorrhoidectomy with policresulen and cinchocaine: a prospective and controlled study / Analgesia tópica com policresuleno e cinchocaína no pós-operatório de hemorroidectomias: um estudo prospectivo e controlado

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of topical policresulen and cinchocaine in the postoperative pain behavior of open hemorrhoidectomy. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, double-blinded, controlled study. The control group received the usual guidelines with oral medications. The topical treatment group received, in addition, the application of the ointment and was comprised of two subgroups (policresulen + cinchocaine, and placebo). Pain intensity was recorded with the visual analogue scale. RESULTS: 43 patients were operated on: control group - n = 13, one excluded; placebo - n = 15; and policresulen + cinchocaine - n = 15. The mean age was 45.98 years and 37.2% were men. The average pain intensity was 4.09 (immediate postoperative), 3.22 (hospital discharge), 5.73 (day 1) , 5.77 (day 2), 5.74 (day 3), 5.65 (day 7), 5.11 (day 10), 2.75 (day 15) and 7.70 (first bowel movement), with no difference between groups in all periods. CONCLUSION: This study showed no reduction in pain after hemorrhoidectomy with the use of topical policresulen and cinchocaine. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar a ação do policresuleno e cinchocaína tópicos no comportamento da dor no pós-operatório de hemorroidectomias abertas. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo, duplo cego e controlado. O grupo controle recebeu as orientações usuais com medicações de uso oral. O grupo de tratamento tópico recebeu, adicionalmente, a aplicação de pomada e foi composto de dois subgrupos (policresuleno + cinchocaína; e placebo). A intensidade da dor foi registrada a partir da escala visual analógica. RESULTADOS: foram operados 43 pacientes: grupo controle (n=13; um excluído), placebo (n=15) e policresuleno + cinchocaína (n=15). A média de idade foi 45,98 anos e 37,2% foram homens. A média da intensidade da dor foi 4,09 (PO imediato), 3,22 (alta hospitalar), 5,73 (dia 1), 5,77 (dia 2), 5,74 (dia 3), 5,65 (dia 7), 5,11 (dia 10), 2,75 (dia 15) e 7,70 (primeira evacuação), sem diferença entre os grupos em todos os períodos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: este estudo não demonstrou redução da dor após hemorroidectomias como o uso do tratamento tópico. .

Effects of formaldehyde and vimentin expression in rat skin / Efectos del formaldehído y expresión de vimentina en la piel de rata

The Wistar rats ( 9 weeks old, 180­200 g body weight) used in these trials were divided into two groups of 16 animals each (Control group and Experimental group). 100x65x100 in the sizes of the experimental group were taken into a glass vase. During the time period of 8 weeks, 5 days a week with 8 hours the inhalation of 10 ppm formaldehyde was made. Skin was removed and placed in 10% formaline. Sections were stained with Hematoxylene-Eosine, Trichrome-Masson and observed under light microscope. In this study, histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques due to the impact of the changes in formaldehyde and examined the distribution of vimentin.

En este ensayo se utilizaron ratas Wistar (9 semanas de edad, 180-200 g de peso corporal) que se dividieron en dos grupos de 16 animales cada uno (grupos control y experimental). Los animales del grupo experimental fueron colocados en un vaso de vidrio de tamaño 100x65x100. Durante un período de tiempo de 8 semanas, 5 días a la semana con 8 horas se expuso a la inhalación de 10 ppm de formaldehído. Se retiró la piel y se colocó en formalina al 10%. Las secciones fueron teñidas con Hematoxilina-Eosina y Tricrómico de Masson, y fueron observadas al microscopio óptico. Las técnicas histopatológicas e inmunohistoquímicas y el impacto en la piel provocado por el formaldehído permitieron examinar la expresión de vimentina.

Effects of formaldehyde on respiratory mucosa in rats / Efectos del formaldehído sobre la mucosa respiratoria en ratas

Formaldehyde inhalation, are known to be nasal mucosa irritating feature. This study we are examined the effects histopathologic of formaldehyde inhalation on rats by using light microscopy. 16 adult wistar albino rats were used in this study. 8 rats were in control group and 8 rats were in experiment group. Experiment group was exposed to 10 ppm formaldhyde 8hours/day,5days/week for 8 week. Nasal mucosa was removed and placed in 10 percent formaline. Sections were stained with Hematoxylene-Eosine and observed under light microscopy. The lining epithelium of respiratory mucosa showed a loss of ciliated cells with metaplasia of goblet cells and hyperplasia of squamous cells.

Es conocido que la inhalación de formaldehído tiene caraterísticas irritantes para la mucosa nasal. En este estudio se examinaron los efectos histopatológicos de la inhalación de formaldehído en ratas mediante microscopía de luz. Se utilizaron en este estudio 16 ratas Wistar albinas adultas, ocho ratas como grupo control y ocho como grupo experimental. El grupo experimental fue expuesto a 10 ppm formaldehído 8 horas/día, 5 días/semana por 8 semanas. La mucosa nasal fue retirada y colocada en formalina al 10 por ciento. Las secciones obtenidas fueron teñidas con Hematoxilina-Eosina y observadas al microscopio óptico. El epitelio de revestimiento de la mucosa respiratoria mostró una pérdida de células ciliadas con metaplasia de las células caliciformes e hiperplasia de células escamosas.

Evaluation of disease modifying activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models.

Background & objectives: Coriandrum sativum (CS), has been widely used in traditional systems of medicine for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanism of action for its antiarthritic effects is not clearly known. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the antiarthritic activity of CS in rats in two experimental models. Methods: The antiarthritic activity of CS seed hydroalcoholic extract (CSHE) was evaluated in adult Wistar rats by using two experimental models, viz. formaldehyde and Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (predominantly contributed by macrophages) was also evaluated. TNF-α level was estimated in serum by ELISA method. TNF-R1, IL-1 β and IL-6 expression in the synovium was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Results: CSHE produced a dose dependent inhibition of joint swelling as compared to control animals in both, formaldehyde and CFA induced arthritis. Although there was a dose dependent increase in serum TNF-α levels in the CSHE treated groups as compared to control, the synovial expression of macrophage derived pro-inflammatory cytokines/cytokine receptor was found to be lower in the CSHE treated groups as compared to control. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the antiarthritic activity of CSHE may be attributed to the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the synovium. In further studies CSHE could be explored to be developed as a disease modifying agent in the treatment of RA.

Tratamiento de la rectitis actínica hemorrágica con aplicación tópica de formalina al 4 por ciento / Treatment of hemorrhagic radiation rectitis with topical application of 4percent formaldehyde

Background: Hemorrhagic radiation rectitis occurs in 15 percent of patients subjected to pelvic irradiation. One of the treatment alternatives is the topical application of 4 percent formaldehyde. Aim: To report the results of the use of topical formaldehyde in radiation rectitis. Material and Methods: Twenty patients aged 36 to 80 years (13 women) with hemorrhagic radiation rectitis were prospectively recruited. Fistula or stenosis was discarded endoscopically. Formaldehyde was applied in the operating room or at the outpatient clinic. Results: Fifteen patients required repeated transfusions. The application was performed in the operating room in five patients. Bleeding stopped in three patients with one application, in 12 patients with two applications and in four, with three applications. In one patient, bleeding did not stop after the first application and had a sigmoid perforation; therefore no further application was attempted. One patient had a severe proctitis after the procedure, which subsided with symptomatic treatment after 15 days. Conclusions: Topical formaldehyde application for hemorrhagic rectitis is effective to stop bleeding but has complications in 10 percent of patients.

Introducción: La rectitis actínica hemorrágica es una complicación que se presenta en el 15 por ciento de los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia por una neoplasia pélvica. Existen distintas alternativas para su tratamiento, entre las que se cuenta la aplicación de formalina al 4 por ciento. Presentamos los resultados del tratamiento de esta complicación en una serie prospectiva no aleatoria. Material y Método: Desde marzo de 2004 a mayo de 2007 se reclutaron en forma prospectiva todos los pacientes tratados por una rectitis actínica hemorrágica en nuestro servicio. En todos los pacientes se descartó una estenosis o fístula por endoscopia flexible. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a aplicación de formalina en pabellón o ambulatoria según la evaluación del tratante. Resultados: La serie corresponde a 20 pacientes, 13 mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 61 años (36-80), 15 requerían transfusiones a repetición. La indicación de radioterapia fue por un cáncer cérvico uterino en 9 casos, de próstata en 7 casos y endometrio en 4. El promedio de sesiones necesarias para controlar el sangrado fue de 2 (1-3); en 5 pacientes la aplicación se realizó en pabellón. Tres pacientes mejoraron con una aplicación, 12 pacientes con 2 aplicaciones y 4 con 3 procedimientos. Un paciente continúa sangrado después de un procedimiento, pero presenta una perforación de sigmoides en terreno neoplásico y no se intentó una segunda sesión, por lo que se considera un fracaso del procedimiento. Además un paciente presentó una proctitis intensa que cedió con tratamiento sintomático en 15 días, con lo que la morbilidad del procedimiento alcanza a un 10 por ciento. El éxito acumulado es de un 95 por ciento de los casos, con detención del sangrado, sin necesidad de transfusiones. Conclusión: Estimamos que el tratamiento con formalina al 4 por ciento es un procedimiento seguro para el tratamiento de la rectitis actínica hemorrágica, con buenos resultados en la gran mayoría de los pacientes ...

Comparação da evidenciação dos miofibroblastos marcados por imuno-histoquímica em tecido de granulação quando fixado por formol ou por álcool a 70% / Comparison of myofibroblast visualization by immunohistochemical staining in granulation tissue fixed in formaldehyde or 70% alcohol

Introdução: Para o adequado estudo anatomopatológico dos tecidos obtidos dos pacientes é crucial a boa técnica para a melhor evidenciação das células pesquisadas. É imprescindível que não só a técnica ideal de coloração/marcação seja utilizada, mas também a correta técnica de fixação da peça cirúrgica. Em trabalho prévio pesquisando miofibroblastos e contração na pele restaurada de áreas doadoras de enxertos de pele de espessura parcial, verificamos baixa densidade de miofibroblastos, ao contrário dos estudos em tecido de granulação. Investigando as causas disso, e baseando-se em artigo específico sobre a eficácia da evidenciação imuno-histoquímica com diferentes métodos de fixação tecidual, comparamos a eficácia dos diferentes fixadores, formol a 10% e álcool a 70% para a evidenciação de miofibroblastos em tecido de granulação de úlceras crônicas de 21 pacientes. Método: Estudamos 42 amostras por meio de técnica imuno-histoquímica, utilizando-se o anticorpo anti-Smooth Muscle Actin, nas quais contamos os miofibrobastos em 10 campos com aumento de 400 X. Resultados: Demonstraram-se melhores resultados qualitativo e quantitativo no material fixado em álcool, quando comparado ao fixado em formol, com densidades médias de miofibroblastos de 86,5 e 48 células/mm2, respectivamente, o que nos leva a recomendar o álcool como fixador de tecidos para estas análises imuno-histoquímicas.

Background: The use of a good visualization technique is crucial for an adequate pathological anatomy study of tissues obtained from patients. Optimal staining and fixation techniques of the surgical piece are essential. In a previous study investigating myofibroblasts and contraction in split skingraft donor sites, a low density of myofibroblasts was observed, as opposed to studies in granulation studies. To investigate the causes for this finding and based on a specific manuscript on the efficacy of immunohistochemical visualization using different tissue fixation methods, we compared the efficacy of fixation in 10% formaldehyde and 70% alcohol for the visualization of myofibroblasts in granulation tissues of chronic ulcers in 21 patients. Method: Forty-two samples were studied by immunohistochemistry, using the anti-Smooth Muscle Actin antibody, and myofibroblasts were counted in 10 fields with a magnification of 400X. Results: Better qualitative and quantitative results were observed in alcohol-fixed materials, when compared to those fixed in formaldehyde, with mean myofibroblasts densities of 86.5 and 48 cells/mm2, respectively, which encourages us to recommend the use of alcohol for tissue fixation in immunohistochemical studies.

Efeito analgésico de antagonistas do receptor da histamina H1 em modelo de dor provocada por formalina em ratos / Efecto analgésico de antagonistas del receptor de la histamina H1 en un modelo de dolor provocado por formalina en ratones / Analgesic effects of H1 receptor antagonists in the rat model of formalin-induced pain

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os receptores de histamina mediam vias nociceptivas principalmente no sistema nervoso central. Alguns estudos mostraram efeito analgésico de antagonistas de receptor de histamina no sistema nervoso periférico. Não está claro se o efeito analgésico local é classe específico ou droga específico. MÉTODO: Para responder a essa questão, utilizamos três diferentes antagonistas do receptor H1 (pirilamina, prometazina e cetirizina) administrados diretamente na pata do rato, pela via intraperitoneal ou por bloqueio de nervo periférico em modelo de dor induzida por formalina. Observamos o efeito das drogas no comportamento do número de elevações da pata. RESULTADOS: Na fase I, a pirilamina local diminuiu o número de elevações da pata de forma dose-dependente. Na dose mais alta, a diminuição foi de 97,8 por cento. Para a prometazina, a diminuição foi de 92 por cento e para cetizirina, 23,9 por cento. Na fase II, a pirilamina diminuiu o número de elevações da pata em 93,5 por cento, a prometazina em 78,2 por cento e a cetirizina em 80,1 por cento. A administração dos fármacos por via intraperitoneal não alterou o comportamento doloroso. Quando utilizadas para bloqueio de nervo periférico, na fase I, a pirilamina diminuiu o número de elevações da pata em 96,7 por cento, a prometazina em 73,3 por cento e a cetirizina em 23,9 por cento. Na fase II, a pirilamina levou à diminuição de 86,6 por cento, a prometazina de 64,4 por cento e a cetirizina de 19,9 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram que os antagonistas de receptor da histamina H1 apresentam efeitos analgésicos locais, diferentes do efeito sistêmico, sendo um deles anti-inflamatório e classe específico e o outro específico para prometazina e pirilamina, semelhante a efeito clínico anestésico local.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Histamine receptors mediate nociceptive pathways, especially in the central nervous system. Some studies have demonstrated the analgesic effects of histamine receptor antagonists in the peripheral nervous system. It is not clear whether the local analgesic effect is class-specific or drug-specific. METHODS: To answer this question, we used three different H1 receptor antagonists (pyrilamine, promethazine, and cetirizine) administered directly in the paw of the rat, intraperitoneally, or in peripheral nerve blockade in the formalin-induced pain model. The effects of the drugs on the number of paw elevations were observed. RESULTS: In phase I, the local administration of pyrilamine caused a dose-dependent reduction on the number of paw elevations; in the highest dose, the number of paw elevations was reduced by 97.8 percent. Promethazine decreased it by 92 percent, while cetirizine decreased by 23.9 percent. In phase II, pyrilamine decreased the number of paw elevations by 93.5 percent, promethazine by 78.2 percent, and cetirizine by 80.1 percent. Intraperitoneal administration of drugs did not change painful behavior. When used in peripheral nerve block, in phase I pyrilamine reduced the number of paw elevations by 96.7 percent, promethazine by 73.3 percent, and cetirizine by 23.9 percent. In phase II, pyrilamine reduced the number of paw elevations by 86.6 percent, promethazine by 64.4 percent, and cetirizine by 19.9 percent. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that H1 receptor antagonists have local analgesic effects, different from the systemic effects, one of them an anti-inflammatory and class-specific effect and the other similarly to the local anesthetic effect, specific for promethazine and pyrilamine

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Los receptores de histamina intermedian las vías nociceptivas, principalmente en el sistema nervioso central. Algunos estudios arrojaron un efecto analgésico de antagonistas de receptor de histamina en el sistema nervioso periférico. No queda claro si el efecto analgésico local es de clase específico o un fármaco específico. MÉTODO: Para responder a esa pregunta, utilizamos tres diferentes antagonistas del receptor H1 (pirilamina, prometazina y cetirizina), administrados directamente en la pata del ratón, por vía intraperitoneal o por bloqueo de nervio periférico en modelo de dolor inducido por formalina. Observamos el efecto de los fármacos en el comportamiento del número de elevaciones de la pata. RESULTADOS: En la fase I, la pirilamina local redujo el número de elevaciones de la pata de forma dosis dependiente. En la dosis más alta, la reducción fue de un 97,8 por ciento. Para la prometazina, la disminución fue de un 92 por ciento y para la cetizirina de 23.9 por ciento. En la fase II, la pirilamina redujo el número de elevaciones de la pata en un 93,5 por ciento, la prometazina, un 78,2 por ciento y la cetirizina un 80,1 por ciento. La administración de los fármacos por vía intraperitoneal no alteró el comportamiento doloroso. Cuando se usaron para bloqueo del nervio periférico en la fase I, la pirilamina redujo el número de elevaciones de la pata en un 96,7 por ciento, la prometazina en un 73,3 por ciento y la cetirizina en un 23,9 por ciento. En la fase II, la pirilamina redujo un 86,6 por ciento, la prometazina un 64,4 por ciento y la cetirizina un 19,9 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados mostraron que los antagonistas del receptor de la histamina H1 presentaron efectos analgésicos locales, diferentes del efecto sistémico, siendo uno de ellos antiinflamatorio y clase específico, y el otro específico para la prometazina y la pirilamina, parecido con el efecto clínico anestésico local.

Nasal packing in cosmetic and functional nasal surgery

To evaluate the routine use of nasal packing after cosmetic and functional nasal surgery. Prospective collection from 2005 to 2006 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Riyadh for 54 patients post-septorhinoplasty with and without submucous diathermy or lateralization of inferior turbinate were evaluated for efficacy and complications of nasal packing which kept for different duration. All 54 patients had septoplasty, 21 with rhinoplasty, 12 with SMD, and 24 patients had inferior turbinate lateralization. Eight cm slim Merocel packed in 67 nasal cavity sides, 8 cm regular Merocel packed in 24 sides and 10 cm regular Merocel packed in 6 sides. Thirty-seven patients had the pack for 6 hours then removed and 17 patients had it for 24 hours. Forty-one patients with no significant discomfort, 13 patients with mild to moderate discomfort. Septorhinoplasty and SMD or lateralization of inferior turbinate can be managed without packing or any other hemostatic measures

Origem e distribuição do nervo isquiático no gato doméstico (Felis catus domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758) / Origin and distribution of the sciatic nerve in the domestic cat (Felis catus domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758)

Neste estudo, verificou-se a origem e a distribuição do nervo isquiático de 30 gatos sem raça definida, 17 fêmeas e 13 machos, após fixação em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. O nervo isquiático originou-se em 55 antímeros (91,67%) do ramo ventral do sexto nervo espinhal lombar, em 60 (100%) do ramo ventral do sétimo nervo espinhal lombar e do ramo ventral do primeiro nervo espinhal sacral e em 44 antímeros (73,33%), do ramo ventral do segundo nervo espinhal sacral. O aludido nervo cedeu ramos nervosos, em todos os animais, para os músculos glúteo profundo, piriforme, gêmio, bíceps femoral, semitendinosos e semimembranosos e, em alguns animais, para os músculos quadrado femoral (75,00%) abdutor crural caudal (78,33%), além do ramo comunicante com o nervo pudendo (71,67%). Após análise dos resultados, constatou-se diferença significativa (p<0,05) para os ramos nervosos emitidos aos músculos quadrado femoral em fêmeas profundo e quadrado femoral em machos e fêmeas.

The origin and distribution of the sciatic nerves were studied in 30 adult unknown breed cats. The sample included 17 females and 13 males. The nerves were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Sciatic nerves were observed to originate, in 55 sample (91.67%), from the ventral branch of the sixth limbar spinal nerve; in 60 sample (100%), from the ventral branch of the seventh lumbar spinal berve; in 60 sample (100%), from the ventral branch of the first sacral nerve and, in 44 sample (73.33%), from the ventral branch of the second sacral nerve. The sciatic nerves branched out, in all of the animals studied, to the gluteus profundus, piriformis, gemelli, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles, and some animals, to the quadratus femoris (75.00%) and abductor cruris caudalis muscles (78.33%). The nerves also extended to the communicant branch of the pudende nerve (71.67%). Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among branches emitted to the quadratus femoris muscles in females and the gluteus produndus and quadratus femoris in males and females.

Formalin assay parameters differ in confirming the antinociceptive mechanism of domperidone in mice.

Domperidone, a prokinetic drug with minimal extrapyramidal side-effects was investigated for its antinociceptive response in mice using formalin assay procedure. Two parameters namely the pain score and the time spent by the animal in licking/biting the formalin injected paw were considered. Domperidone (1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg; ip) injected 15 min prior to formalin effectively reduced the pain score bringing it to zero at the 15th minute and was also effective till 30 min but to a lesser degree. This effect of domperidone (2.5 mg/kg) was significantly attenuated in naloxone pretreated mice indicating a partial role for opioid pathways. In the other parameter i.e. time spent in licking/biting, domperidone in all the doses employed failed to modify significantly the same by the animal in the early phase. In contrast, a dose related inhibition of the time spent was recorded in the late phase. Besides, a trend towards the enhancement of the inhibitory effect of domperidone (2.5 mg/kg) in the late phase was noticed in naloxone pretreated mice. Possibly, the peripheral analgesic mechanisms may play a role in this response since the late phase was considered akin to inflammation. The results confirm the antinociceptive effect of domperidone and suggest that caution be exercised while selecting the parameters when formalin assay is employed.

effect of oral administration of formadehyde on the liver of the albino rat: an electron microscopic study

Formaldehyde is an electrophilic molecule able to crosslink DNA and protein which leads to its claim for cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity. It is used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, in the manufacture of plastic and resins and in cheese production to give the cheese the firm consistency. Previous studies have focused on the direct acute harmful effects of formaldehyde on the skin, eye and respiratory system while less efforts have been made to evaluate its possible harmful effects on different body systems after long period of oral administration of a reasonably low dose. The possible toxic effect of formalin [40% solution of formaldehyde in water] on the ultrastructure of the liver of albino rat has been evaluated in the current study as the liver is the main site for formaldehyde metabolism in the body. Two groups of albino rats of 10 animals each were used where the first group received 25 mg/kg/day of formalin orally by gavages for three weeks while the second group received an equivalent volume of distilled water orally by gavages and used as control. The results showed that formalin markedly affected liver ultrastructure at the levels of hepatocytes, intrahepatic biliary system and portal tracts. Hepatocytes showed nuclear degeneration, mitochondrial degeneration, shortening and fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomal alteration. Intrahepatic biliary system affection appeared in the form of dilatation of the bile canaliculi with shortening or complete loss of microvilli and degeneration of the covering epithelium of bile ductules. Infiltration of the portal tracts with neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells were also observed which indicated an inflammatory process in the portal tract. The results, which suggest a marked toxic effect of formalin on the liver after oral administration of small doses for a long period, have been discussed. A recommendation for properly avoiding the harmful effect of this chemical substance has been offered especially the proper application of its prohibition in cheese and dairy production

Gill infection of Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988 (Osteichthyes: Anostomidae) by Henneguya leporinicola n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). Description, histopathology and treatment

Piauçus (Leporinus macrocephalus), were raised in 300 m2 ponds (density of 10 fish/m2) presenting asphyxia signals and daily mortality of 27 fishes. Specimens with 8-cm total body length, were collected for necropsy. Mucus of body surface and pieces of organs were collected and examined microscopically, in wet mounts, stained or in histological sections. The smears examination showed the presence of several spores in the secondary lamellae of the gill filaments, identified as Henneguya leporinicola n.sp (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). Histopathological study showed epithelial hyperplasia and fulfilling of the spaces between the secondary lamellae, congestion and telangiectasia sinusoidal. It was also observed hyperplasia of the goblet cells and several cysts of parasite with 70.3 microns diameter. Such cysts were situated among the secondary lamellae, covered or not by the hyperplasic epithelium. With this diagnostic, three applications of formalin solution 10 ml/m3 were carried out. Fifteen days after that, fish were examined again to ascertain whether the treatment was efficient on disease caused by the protozoa. The tissue alterations present in the gills after the treatment were just a moderate sinusoidal congestion and a slight epithelial hyperplasia on the base of the secondary lamellae.

Formaldehído: efectos tóxicos y recomendaciones / Formaldehyde: toxis effects and recomendatoris

Personas de la profesión médica y del área de la salud en general, estudiantes de los departamentos de anatomía normal o patologica, histología etc; o profesores, técnicos, obreros y empleados de estas áreas, utilizan y están en contacto directo con una sustancia que desde hace más de una década está siendo analizada y estudiada para comprobar sus efectos tóxicos; el formaldehído. He podido observar que un gran número de personas expuestas al formaldehído, aunque conocen los efectos mediatos (irritación de la mucosa nasal, lagrimeo profuso, tos etc) desconocen la mayoría de los efectos y daños a la salud que esta sustancia puede ocasionar a largo plazo y como consecuencia de exposiciones repetidas, otras personas están al tanto de los efectos pero no toman las medidas del caso. También sugiero medidas de seguridad tomadas en su mayor parte de los estándares norteamericanos que dicta la Agencia para la Protección del Ambiente (US. EPA) y la Agencia para la salud y seguridad ocupacional (OSHA)

Lesiones de la vía respiratoria de ratas expuestas al formaldehído / Injures to the respirators pathways of rats exposed to formaldehyde

Se realizó un estudio experimental en ratas, con el propósito de determinar el grado de lesión del árbol respiratorio usando diferentes concentraciones de formaldehído. Se usaron 90 ratas (Sprauge-Dawley) 10 de las cuales fueron expuestas a formaldehído al 8 por ciento (alta concentración) durante una semana para obtener muestras de naríz, traquea, bronquio y pulmón. Simultáneamente 10 ratas fueron expuestas a piezas anatómicas observadas con una fórmula compuesta de formaldehído al 4 por ciento, etanol, glicerina y agua. Otras 10 ratas no se expusieron (grupo control). No se observaron lesiones en 20 ratas sujetas a inhalación del formaldehído al 4 por ciento (baja concentración) durante una semana. A alta concentración se observó: 1. Engrosamiento del estracto corneo y granuloso. 2. Aparición de células con núcleo ovoideo largo y claro, prominente nucleolo. 3. Incremento de concentración de moco